When the narrator claims that "[w]e live, as we dream — alone" (Conrad 82), he affirms the impossibility of understanding…
Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Publisher, Date.
Pennee, Donna Palmateer. Moral Metafiction: Counterdiscourse in the Novels of Timothy Findley. ECW Press, 1991.
The situation could be contained "because the transfer was replicated within Canada's borders" (Toner and Doern 471).
Fischlin, Daniel, and Martha Nandorfy. Eduardo Galeano: Through the Looking Glass. Black Rose Books, 2002.
Donald, Robert B., James D. Moore, Betty Richmond Morrow, Lillian Griffith Wargetz, and Kathleen Werner. Writing Clear Paragraphs. 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.
… (Donald et al. 38-40).
Donald, Robert B., et al. Writing Clear Paragraphs. 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.
… (David, Chapter 50).
Allende, Isabel. The House of the Spirits. E-book ed., Atria Paperback, 1982.
... (Pesciarelli 527).
Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Year, Pages.
Pesciarelli, Enzo. "Aspects of the Influence of Francis Hutcheson on Adam Smith." History of Political Economy, vol. 31, no. 3, fall 1999, pp. 525-45.
... (Butler 22).
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Name of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, Pages. doi/URL.
Butler, Darrell L., and Martin Sellbom. "Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning." Educause Quarterly, vol. 254, no. 2, 2002, pp. 22-28. doi:10.1215/00183.
Smith, J. "Writing About Sports." Writing Matters, vol. 2, no. 2, 2006. doi:10.1214/1083.
... (Updike 80).
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of Title of Original Work, by Author Name. Title of Review Periodical, Date, Pages.
Updike, John. "No Brakes." Review of Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, by Richard Lingeman. New Yorker, 4 Feb. 2002, pp. 77-80.
Conlogue, Ray. "No Words Minced in Revised Hedda." Review of Hedda Gabler, by Henrik Ibsen, directed by Judith Thompson, Shaw Festival. The Globe and Mail, 10 Aug. 1991, p. C10.
If no personal author is named, consider the organization to be the primary author. If the name is long, incorporate it into the text itself.
... (United Nations Commission on Human Rights 14).
... presents specific information from the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (14).
Issuing Agency. Title, (edited by, compiled by, etc.) by Personal Author, Publisher, Year.
Health Canada. Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating, compiled by John Smith, Public Works and Government Services, 1997.
... (Joyce 2388).
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Part." Title of Anthology, edited by Name, Edition, Volume, Publisher, Year, Pages of the part.
Joyce, James. "From Ulysses." The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by M. H. Abrams, 4th ed., vol. 2, W. W. Norton & Company, 1996, pp. 2374-413.
Use the title of the work in place of the author.
… (Beowulf 42).
Beowulf. Translated by E. Talbot Donaldson, edited by Nicholas Howe, Norton, 2001.
Hughes's work is written in "the rhythms, inflections, and slang of African-American speech" (Scrimgeour 2: 237).
To refer to the whole work:
... (Scrimgeour, vol. 2)
Scrimgeour, J. D. "Langston Hughes." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Jay Parini, vol. 2, Oxford UP, 2004.
Nairn, Bede, Geoffrey Serle, and Russel Ward, editors. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne UP, 1972. 13 vols.
Cornish, William. The Oxford History of the Laws of England: Volume XI. Edited by John H. Baker, 2010. A Selected Edition of William Cornish, general editor, vol. 21, Oxford UP, 2004-2010.
... (Austen 45).
Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Edition Information, Publisher, Date.
Rae, Douglas W. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. Revised ed., Yale UP, 1971.
Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Edited by Claudia Johnson, Norton, 2001.
... (Nietzsche 13).
... (Cowan 13).
Author Last Name, First Name. Translated Title. Translated by Name of Translator(s), Publisher, Date.
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Beyond Good and Evil. Translated by Marianne Cowan, H. Regnery Co., 1955.
Translator Last, First, translator. Translated Title. By Name of Author(s), Publisher, Date.
Cowan, Marianne, translator. Beyond Good and Evil. By Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, H. Regnery Co., 1955.
... (Hintzen 78).
... (“Noon,” def. 1.A.).
Ehrlich, Blake, and Eugene Vanderpool. "Athens." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropedia, 15th ed., 1995.
"Noon." The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989.
Hintzen, Percy C. "Dessalines, Jean-Jacques." Biographical Dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean Political Leaders, edited by Robert J. Alexander, Greenwood Press, 1988.
... (Coyle A23).
Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Title, Date, Pages.
Coyle, Jim. "50 Years Underground: 12 Stops. 16 Minutes. All of Humanity." Toronto Star, 27 Mar. 2004, p. A23.
Hennenberger, Melinda. "The Leonardo Cover- Up." New York Times, 21 Apr. 2002, pp.42+.
... (Human Resources and Social Development Canada 6).
... information from Human Resources and Social Development Canada (6).
Government. Agency name. Title of Document. Date published. URL. Date accessed (optional).
Human Resources and Social Development Canada. Service Canada Government On-Line 2005 Public Report. Dec. 2006. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/P4-1-2006E.pdf. Accessed 29 Jul. 2011.
Use the author's name and the material's page reference or title in brackets.
... (Montgomery, Seated with Stuart).
Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title or “Title” for non-print material. Description of material. Date. Call number, Box number, File number. Collection name. Name of Repository, Location.
Montgomery, L.M. L.M. Montgomery seated and holding Stuart. Photograph. ca. 1916. XZ1 MS A097113. L.M. Montgomery Collection. University of Guelph Archival and Special Collections, Guelph, Canada.
... (Evans).
... (Cassatt, slide 22).
Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Year of Composition (if not known, use "N.d."), Institution where original is housed or name of private owner, City. Title of Book, by Author, Publisher, Date, Page or location description.
Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child. 1890, Wichita Art Museum. American Painting: 1560-1913, by John Pearce, McGraw, 1964, Slide 22.
Evans, Walker. Penny Picture Display. 1936, Museum of Modern Art, www.moma.org/collection.
... (Possession 00:04:16-22).
... (Jhabvala).
Title of Film. Directed by Name of Director, Distributor, Year of Release.
Bubba Ho-Tep. Directed by Don Coscarelli, Silver Sphere Corp., 2003.
Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua par chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel, directed by Alfonso Arau, performances by Lumi Cavazos, Marco Lombardi, and Regina Torne, Miramax, 1993.
Possession. Adapted by Laura Jones and Neil LaBute, directed by Neil LaBute, performances by Gwyneth Paltrow, Aaron Eckhart, Jennifer Ehle, and Jeremy Northam, Focus/Warner Bros., 2002.
Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, adaptor. A Room with a View. By E. M. Forster, directed by James Ivory, produced by Ismail Merchant, performances by Maggie Smith, Denholm Eliot, Helena Bonham Carter, and Daniel Day-Lewis, Cinecom Intl. Films, 1985.
Laura Jones and Neil LaBute, adaptors. Possession. Directed by Neil LaBute, performances by Gwyneth Paltrow, Aaron Eckhart, Jennifer Ehle, and Jeremy Northam, 2002, Universal Studios, 2003.
The Great Gatsby. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2013. Netflix app.
“Dissertation Boot Camp – Online and In-Person” YouTube, uploaded by U of G Library, 25 Jan. 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GC0rG-CLYtA
“Chapter Ninety-Nine.” Jane the Virgin, created by Jennie Snyder Urman, season 5, episode 18, The CW, 21 July 2019.
“Chapter Ninety-Nine.” Jane the Virgin, season 5, episode 18, The CW, 2019. Netflix, www.netflix.com.
“The World is Purple.” Directed by Dan Attias. Yellowstone, season 3, episode 10, Paramount Network, 20 Aug. 2020. Amazon Prime Video app.
... (Scott, para. 8).
... (Windsor).
Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." Name of Website. Name of Website Publisher/organization, date published, URL.
Danielson, Stentor, and David Braun. "Shark 'Photo of the Year' Is E-Mail Hoax." National Geographic News, National Geographic Society, 8 Mar. 2005, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0815_020815_photooftheyear.html
... (“Seniors Care Highlights Health Spending”)
"Title of Document." Name of Website. Name of Website Publisher/organization, date published. URL. Date accessed (optional).
"Seniors Care Highlights Health Spending." CBC.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 24 Apr. 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/seniors-care-highlights-health-spending-1.728695. Accessed 10 Jul. 2016.
...(Boyd 23).
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Part." Title of Original Book/Periodical. Original Publication Information. Reprinted in Title of Course Reader, compiled by Instructor's Name, Publication Information of Reader, Pages in Reader.
Boyd, C. G. "Making Peace with the Guilty: The Truth About Bosnia." Foreign Affairs, vol. 74, no. 5, 1995, pp. 22-38. Reprinted in POLS*4920 Selected Topics in International Relations Course Reader, Compiled by Ian Spears, University of Guelph Bookstore, 2004, pp. 255-64.
Stengos, T. ECON*4640 Applied Econometrics Course Manual. University of Guelph, 2003.
“Slides.” Introduction to Biochemistry, taught by Lorelai Gilmore. D2L, UConnecticut State U, Apr. 2020, d2l.csu.edu/d2l/le/content/111110/viewContent/7620/View
… (Brown 22 Jan. 2004).
Stengos, T. ECON*4640 Applied Econometrics Course Notes. University of Guelph, Mar. 2003.
Stengos, T. "ECON*4640 Applied Econometrics." University of Guelph. 23 Nov. 2003. Lecture notes.
... (Stevens).
Gerard, Michel. E-mail to Standards Committee. 5 Jan. 2011.
Kim, Lane. Text message to the author. 10 June 2010.
... (Merrian).
Author of Message. Comment on "Title of Document on Subject Line." Website, Date of Posting, Time of Posting. URL.
Mariano, Jess. Comment on "The Tale of Two Poes." The Edgar Alan Poe Society Conf, 30 Mar. 2001, 10:33 pm, http://www.poesoc.net/archives/files/monsterp.html.
(Medieval Rats)
Medieval Rats [@archaeoRattus]. “Rats, you say? The best kind of assemblage then.” Twitter, 12 Aug. 2021, https://twitter.com/archaeoRattus/status/1425873799715688454
Romtoronto. Photo of Superman and Supergirl masks. Instagram, 20 Jan. 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/CY9Nqb6KlRw/.
Naomi Baron’s argument suggests that reading is never complete without writing (194). However, Sarah Baron criticizes this perspective for its oversight of how different individuals process thought (10).
Butler, Jeremy. Making Soda at Home: Mastering the Craft of Carbonation. Quarry Books, 2014.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1990.
When there are no page numbers, as in an electronic source, for example, you may describe the location of a reference using section titles and/or paragraph numbers ONLY if these are labelled in the source. Otherwise, cite the source in its entirety. Note punctuation in examples below.
Hypertext, as one theorist puts it, is "all about connection, linkage, and affiliation" (Moulthrop, par. 19).
Several examples of superstition have been traced back as far as primitive men (Washburn, sec. 9).
A recent blog notes that semicolons are on the decline ("Punctuation Paranoia").
… (Frye, Anatomy 71).
… (Frye, Double Vision 85).
King, Thomas. Medicine River. Viking, 1990.
---. The Back of the Turtle. Doubleday, 2014.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Death of a Discipline. Columbia UP, 2003.
---, translator. Of Grammatology. John Hopkins UP, 1976.
Use division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line numbers instead of page numbers when citing commonly studied verse plays or poems. Unless your instructor specifies otherwise, use Arabic numerals separated by periods for these references.
Note that the word Bible (or Talmud or Koran) does not have to be italicized, but full and shortened titles of specific editions do (e.g., New Jerusalem Bible).
Hesiod. Theogony and Works and Days. Translated by M.L. West, Oxford World’s Classics, 2009.
Use the full title or a shortened version (in italics), beginning with the word by which the full title is alphabetized in the Works Cited, e.g.,Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry would be cited as
... (Glossary 3).
NOT
... (Heraldry 3).
... (Fukuyama 42; McRae 101-33).
Multiple sources can also be cited in a note (footnote or endnote) so they don't interrupt the text as much (see Footnotes and Endnotes, below).
See the MLA Handbook website for a list of widely used and accepted abbreviations for titles of the books of the Bible and of famous literary works (e.g., Ezek., used above for Ezekiel).
Limit your use of this method by obtaining the original source (e.g., Johnson) whenever possible. If not possible:
...Johnson considered the event an "extraordinary success (qtd. in Thomson 5: 450).
Include only Thomson in your Works Cited list.
For commonly studied prose (e.g., novels or plays) available in many editions, provide more information than just the page number so the reader can find the quote in any edition. Provide the page number separated by a semi-colon from the other information. If there is no pagination, cite only the chapter number or other location information.
… (130; ch. 9).
… (271; bk. 4, ch. 2).
… (ch. 12).
(Qur’an, 56.17-18)
(The New Jerusalem Bible, Cor. 1.13).
The New Jerusalem Bible. Henry Wansbrough, general editor, Doubleday, 1985.
In general, follow MLA's guidelines on citing one or multiple sources by the same author. Instead of a page, include a time or time range. Indicate the hour, minute, and second, separated by colons.
Beyoncé. “Formation.” Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment and Columbia Records, 2016, https://beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/songs/
Bisbal, David. “12 Favoritas.” Universal Music Latino, 2014. Spotify app.
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